A Health and Fitness Testing Battery for Correctional, Custody, and Law Enforcement Populations

References

1. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s Resource Manual for Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. (7th ed.) Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2012.

2. American Heart Association. Monitoring your blood pressure at home. Retrieved October 12, 2020 from https://www.heart. org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/understanding-bloodpressure- readings/monitoring-your-blood-pressure-at-home.

3. American Medical Association. 2020. US blood pressure validated device listing. Retrieved October 12, 2020 from https:// www.validatebp.org/.

4. Beutler, A, de la Motte, S, Marshall, S, Padua, DA, and Boden, B. Muscle strength and qualitative jump-landing differences in male and female military cadets: The JUMP-ACL study. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 8(4): 663-671, 2009.

5. Beutner, F, Ubrich, R, Zachariae, S, Engel, C, Sandri, M, Teren, A, and Gielen, S. Validation of a brief step-test protocol for estimation of peak oxygen uptake. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 22(4): 503-512, 2015.

6. Carnethon, MR, Evans, NS, Church, TS, Lewis, CE, Schreiner, PJ, Jacobs, DR, et al. Joint associations of physical activity and aerobic fitness on the development of incident hypertension. Hypertension 56(1): 49-55, 2010.

7. Carregaro, RL, and Gil Coury, HJC. Does reduced hamstring flexibility affect trunk and pelvic movement strategies during manual handling? International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 39(1): 115-120, 2009.

8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. High blood pressure. Retrieved October 12, 2020 from https://www.cdc.gov/ bloodpressure/measure.htm.

9. Cesario, KA, Moreno, MR, Munoz, AM, Dulla, JM, Stierli, M, Bloodgood, AM, et al. A preliminary analysis of health and fitness characteristics for custody assistant recruits in a law enforcement agency prior to academy, in 41st National Strength and Conditioning Association National Conference and Exhibition: Indianapolis, IN; 2018.

10. Cook, G, Burton, L, and Hoogenboom, B. Pre-participation screening: The use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function - Part 1. North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 1(2): 62-72, 2006.

11. Cooney, MT, Vartiainen, E, Laatikainen, T, Juolevi, A, Dudina, A, and Graham, IM. Elevated resting heart rate is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in healthy men and women. American Heart Journal 159(4): 612-619, 2010.

12. Copay, AG, and Charles, MT. The influence of grip strength on handgun marksmanship in basic law enforcement training. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management 24(1): 32-39, 2001.

13. Cronin, J, Lawton, T, Harris, N, Kilding, A, and McMaster, DT. A brief review of handgrip strength and sport performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 31(11): 3187-3217, 2017.

14. Dalton, M, Cameron, AJ, Zimmet, PZ, Shaw, JE, Jolley, D, Dunstan, DW, and Welborn, TA. Waist circumference, waist– hip ratio and body mass index and their correlation with cardiovascular disease risk factors in Australian adults. Journal of Internal Medicine 254(6): 555-563, 2003.

15. Dawes, JJ, Orr, RM, Flores, RR, Lockie, RG, Kornhauser, C, and Holmes, R. A physical fitness profile of state highway patrol officers by gender and age. Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 29(16): 16, 2017.

16. Dawes, JJ, Kornhauser, CL, Crespo, D, Elder, CL, Lindsay, KG, and Holmes, RJ. Does body mass index influence the physiological and perceptual demands associated with defensive tactics training in state patrol officers? International Journal of Exercise Science 11(6): 319-330, 2018.

17. Dawes, JJ, Lockie, RG, Orr, RM, Kornhauser, C, and Holmes, RJ. Initial fitness testing scores as a predictor of police academy graduation. Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning 27(4): 30-37, 2019.

18. Fox, K, Borer, JS, Camm, AJ, Danchin, N, Ferrari, R, Lopez Sendon, JL, et al. Resting heart rate in cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 50(9): 823-830, 2007.

19. Gonzales, C, and Lockie, R. Abdominal and lumbopelvic stability exercises for first responders. TSAC Report (55): 12-20, 2019.

20. Hart, P. Test-retest stability of four common body composition assessments in college students. Journal of Physical Fitness, Medicine and Treatment in Sports 1(2): 2017.

21. Hartig, DE, and Henderson, JM. Increasing hamstring flexibility decreases lower extremity overuse injuries in military basic trainees. American Journal of Sports Medicine 27(2): 173-176, 1999.

22. Heinrich, KM, Spencer, V, Fehl, N, and Poston, WS. Mission essential fitness: Comparison of functional circuit training to traditional Army physical training for active duty military. Military Medicine 177(10): 1125-1130, 2012.

23. Jamnik, V, Gumienak, R, and Gledhill, N. Developing legally defensible physiological employment standards for prominent physically demanding public safety occupations: A Canadian perspective. European Journal of Applied Physiology 113(10): 2447-2457, 2013.

24. Jamnik, VK, Thomas, SG, Burr, JF, and Gledhill, N. Construction, validation, and derivation of performance standards for a fitness test for correctional officer applicants. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 35(1): 59-70, 2010.

25. Jamnik, VK, Thomas, SG, and Gledhill, N. Applying the Meiorin decision requirements to the fitness test for correctional officer applicants; examining adverse impact and accommodation. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 35(1): 71-81, 2010.

26. Jamnik, VK, Thomas, SG, Shaw, JA, and Gledhill, N. Identification and characterization of the critical physically demanding tasks encountered by correctional officers. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 35(1): 45-58, 2010.

27. Jones, LA, Coburn, JW, Brown, LE, and Judelson, DA. Effects of static stretching on heart rate and fitness classification following the YMCA step test. Gazzetta Medica Italiana 171: 613-620, 2012.

28. Jouven, X, Empana, JP, Schwartz, PJ, Desnos, M, Courbon, D, and Ducimetiere, P. Heart-rate profile during exercise as a predictor of sudden death. New England Journal of Medicine 352(19): 1951-1958, 2005.

29. Korre, M, Loh, K, Eshleman, EJ, Lessa, FS, Porto, LG, Christophi, CA, and Kales, SN. Recruit fitness and police academy performance: A prospective validation study. Occupational Medicine 69(8-9): 541-548, 2019.

30. Kukić, F, Dopsaj, M, Dawes, J, Orr, R, and Čvorović, A. Use of human body morphology as an indication of physical fitness: Implications for police officers. International Journal of Morphology 36(4): 1407-1412, 2018.

31. Kukić, F, Scekic, A, Koropanovski, N, Čvorović, A, Dawes, JJ, and Dopsaj, M. Age-related body composition differences in female police officers. International Journal of Morphology 37(1): 302-307, 2019.

32. Lee, O, Lee, S, Kang, M, Mun, J, and Chung, J. Prediction of maximal oxygen consumption using the Young Men’s Christian Association-step test in Korean adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology 119(5): 1245-1252, 2019.

33. Lockie, R, Cesario, K, Bloodgood, A, and Moreno, M. Physiological responses to defensive tactics training in correctional populations – Implications for health screening and physical training. TSAC Report (48): 4-8, 2018.

34. Lockie, R. An example fitness assessment battery for community service officers. TSAC Report (55): 26-36, 2019.

35. Lockie, R, Dulla, J, Orr, R, and Dawes, J. Importance of ability-based training for law enforcement recruits. Published ahead of print. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 2020.

36. Lockie, RG, Schultz, AB, Callaghan, SJ, and Jeffriess, MD. Physiological profile of national-level junior American football players in Australia. Serbian Journal of Sports Sciences 6(4): 127-136, 2012.

37. Lockie, RG, Schultz, AB, Callaghan, SJ, Jordan, CA, Luczo, TM, and Jeffriess, MD. A preliminary investigation into the relationship between Functional Movement Screen scores and athletic physical performance in female team sport athletes. Biology of Sport 32(1): 41-51, 2015.

38. Lockie, RG, Dawes, JJ, Balfany, K, Gonzales, CE, Beitzel, MM, Dulla, JM, and Orr, RM. Physical fitness characteristics that relate to Work Sample Test Battery performance in law enforcement recruits. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15(11): 2477, 2018.

39. Lockie, RG, Dulla, JM, Stierli, M, Cesario, KA, Moreno, MR, Bloodgood, AM, et al. Associations between body mass and physical fitness assessments in male custody assistants from a law enforcement agency. Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning 26(3): 43-49, 2018.

40. Lockie, RG, Fazilat, B, Dulla, JM, Stierli, M, Orr, RM, Dawes, JJ, and Pakdamanian, K. A retrospective and comparative analysis of the physical fitness of custody assistant classes prior to academy training. Sports and Exercise Medicine Open Journal 4(1): 44-51, 2018.

41. Lockie, RG, Stierli, M, Dawes, JJ, Cesario, KA, Moreno, MR, Bloodgood, AM, et al. Are there similarities in physical fitness characteristics of successful candidates attending law enforcement training regardless of training cohort? Journal of Trainology 7(1): 5-9, 2018.

42. Lockie, RG, Balfany, K, Bloodgood, AM, Moreno, MR, Cesario, KA, Dulla, JM, et al. The influence of physical fitness on reasons for academy separation in law enforcement recruits. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(3): 372, 2019.

43. Lockie, RG, Dawes, JJ, Kornhauser, CL, and Holmes, RJ. Cross-sectional and retrospective cohort analysis of the effects of age on flexibility, strength endurance, lower-body power, and aerobic fitness in law enforcement officers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 33(2): 451-458, 2019.

44. Lockie, RG, Orr, RM, Moreno, MR, Dawes, JJ, and Dulla, JM. Time spent working in custody influences Work Sample Test Battery performance of deputy sheriffs compared to recruits. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(7): 1108, 2019.

45. Lockie, RG, Orr, RM, Stierli, M, Cesario, KA, Moreno, MR, Bloodgood, AM, et al. The physical characteristics by sex and age for custody assistants from a law enforcement agency. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 33(8): 2223-2232, 2019.

46. Lockie, RG, Dawes, JJ, Dulla, JM, Orr, RM, and Hernandez, E. Physical fitness, sex considerations, and academy graduation for law enforcement recruits. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 34(12): 3356-3363, 2020.

47. Lockie, RG, Dawes, JJ, Orr, RM, and Dulla, JM. Recruit fitness standards from a large law enforcement agency: Between-class comparisons, percentile rankings, and implications for physical training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 34(4): 934-941, 2020.

48. Lockie, RG, Moreno, MR, McGuire, MB, Ruvalcaba, TR, Bloodgood, AM, Dulla, JM, et al. Relationships between isometric strength and the 74.84-kg (165-lb) body drag test in law enforcement recruits. Journal of Human Kinetics 74: 5-13, 2020.

49. Lockie, RG, Ruvalcaba, TR, Stierli, M, Dulla, JM, Dawes, JJ, and Orr, RM. Waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio in law enforcement agency recruits: Relationship to performance in physical fitness tests. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 34(6): 1666-1675, 2020.

50. Martin, ZT, Schlaff, RA, Hemenway, JK, Coulter, JR, Knous, JL, Lowry, JE, and Ode, JJ. Cardiovascular disease risk factors and physical fitness in volunteer firefighters. International Journal of Exercise Science 12(2): 764-776, 2019.

51. McGill, SM, Childs, A, and Liebenson, C. Endurance times for low back stabilization exercises: Clinical targets for testing and training from a normal database. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 80(8): 941-944, 1999.

52. McGuigan, MR. Administration, scoring, and interpretation of selected tests. In: Haff, GG, and Triplett, NT (eds.), Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning. Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL; 259-316, 2015.

53. McGuire, MB, and Lockie, RG. Motor skill, movement competency, and physical fitness assessments for Reserve Officers’ Training Corps cadets. Published ahead of print. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 2020.

54. Montgomery, MM, Marttinen, RH, and Galpin, AJ. Comparison of body fat results from 4 bioelectrical impedance analysis devices vs. air displacement plethysmography in American adolescent wrestlers. International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science 5(4): 8, 2017.

55. Moreno, MR, Cesario, KA, Dulla, JM, Dawes, JJ, Orr, RM, and Lockie, RG. Fit for duty, fit for life? An analysis of the health and fitness of deputy sheriffs after working in custody. Southwest American College of Sports Medicine’s 38th Annual Meeting: Costa Mesa, CA; 2018.

56. Moreno, MR, Rodas, KA, Bloodgood, AM, Dawes, JJ, Dulla, JM, Orr, RM, and Lockie, RG. The influence of aerobic fitness on heart rate responses of custody assistant recruits during circuit training sessions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(21): 8177, 2020.

57. Muntner, P, Shimbo, D, Carey, RM, Charleston, JB, Gaillard, T, Misra, S, et al. Measurement of blood pressure in humans: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension 73(5): e35-e66, 2019.

58. Myer, GD, Kushner, AM, Brent, JL, Schoenfeld, BJ, Hugentobler, J, Lloyd, RS, et al. The back squat: A proposed assessment of functional deficits and technical factors that limit performance. Strength and Conditioning Journal 36(6): 4-27, 2014.

59. Nicklas, BJ, Penninx, BW, Cesari, M, Kritchevsky, SB, Newman, AB, Kanaya, AM, et al. Association of visceral adipose tissue with incident myocardial infarction in older men and women: the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 160(8): 741-749, 2004.

60. Okosun, IS, Liao, Y, Rotimi, CN, Prewitt, TE, and Cooper, RS. Abdominal adiposity and clustering of multiple metabolic syndrome in White, Black and Hispanic Americans. Annals of Epidemiology 10(5): 263-270, 2000.

61. Orr, R, Pope, R, Peterson, S, Hinton, B, and Stierli, M. Leg power as an indicator of risk of injury or illness in police recruits. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13(2): 237, 2016.

62. Orr, R, Pope, R, Stierli, M, and Hinton, B. Grip strength and its relationship to police recruit task performance and injury risk: A retrospective cohort study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14(8): 941, 2017.

63. Orr, R, Dawes, JJ, Pope, R, and Terry, J. Assessing differences in anthropometric and fitness characteristics between police academy cadets and incumbent officers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 32(9): 2632-2641, 2018.

64. Pescatello, LS, Franklin, BA, Fagard, R, Farquhar, WB, Kelley, GA, and Ray, CA. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and hypertension. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 36(3): 533-553, 2004.

65. Reinert, BL, Pohlman, R, and Hartzler, L. Correlation of air displacement plethysmography with alternative body fat measurement techniques in men and women. International Journal of Exercise Science 5(4): 367-378, 2012.

66. Romero-Corral, A, Somers, VK, Sierra-Johnson, J, Thomas, RJ, Bailey, KR, Collazo-Clavell, ML, et al. Accuracy of body mass index to diagnose obesity in the US adult population. International Journal of Obesity 32(6): 959-966, 2008.

67. Santo, AS, and Golding, LA. Predicting maximum oxygen uptake from a modified 3-minute step test. Research Quarterly in Exercise and Sport 74(1): 110-115, 2003.

68. Seidell, JC, Perusse, L, Despres, JP, and Bouchard, C. Waist and hip circumferences have independent and opposite effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors: The Quebec Family Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 74(3): 315-321, 2001.

69. Shin, JY, and Ha, CH. Relationships between blood pressure and health and fitness-related variables in obese women. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 28(10): 2933-2937, 2016.

70. Shusko, M, Benedetti, L, Korre, M, Eshleman, EJ, Farioli, A, Christophi, CA, and Kales, SN. Recruit fitness as a predictor of police academy graduation. Occupational Medicine 67(7): 555-561, 2017.

71. Vaara, JP, Kyrolainen, H, Niemi, J, Ohrankammen, O, Hakkinen, A, Kocay, S, and Hakkinen, K. Associations of maximal strength and muscular endurance test scores with cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 26(8): 2078-2086, 2012.

72. Vasold, KL, Parks, AC, Phelan, DML, Pontifex, MB, and Pivarnik, JM. Reliability and validity of commercially available low-cost bioelectrical impedance analysis. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29(4): 406-410, 2019.

73. Wilson, PWF, D’Agostino, RB, Levy, D, Belanger, AM, Silbershatz, H, and Kannel, WB. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation 97(18): 1837-1847, 1998.

74. YMCA of the USA. YMCA Fitness Testing and Assessment Manual (4th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2000.