First Responder Research Column – Arterial Stiffness Among First Responders – Hidden Dangers of the Job

by Sarah Lanham, MS, CSCS,*D, and Mark Abel, PhD, CSCS,*D, TSAC-F,*D
TSAC Report August 2025
Vol 77, Issue 1

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This column will explore the impact of physical fitness and traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors on arterial stiffness among firefighters and law enforcement officers.

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This article originally appeared in TSAC Report, the NSCA’s quarterly, online-only publication geared toward the training of tactical athletes, operators, and facilitators. It provides research-based articles, performance drills, and conditioning techniques for operational, tactical athletes. The TSAC Report is only available for NSCA Members. Read more articles from TSAC Report

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References

  1. Bruno, RM, Nilsson, PM, Engstrom, G, Wadstrom, BN, Empana, JP, Boutouyrie, P, and Laurent, S. Early and supernormal vascular aging. Hypertension 76(5): 1616-1624, 2020.
  2. Caldwell, AR, Robinson, FB, Tucker, MA, Arcement, CH, Butts, CL, McDermott, BP, and Ganio, MS. Effect of passive heat stress and exercise in the heat on arterial stiffness. European Journal of Applied Physiology 117(8): 1679-1687, 2017.
  3. Cecelia, M, and Chowienczyk, P. Role of arterial stiffness in cardiovascular disease. JRSM Cardiovascular Disease1(4): 012016, 2012.
  4. Collier, SR, Kanaley, JA, Carhart, R Jr., Frechette, V, Tobin, MM, Hall, AK, et al. Effect of 4 weeks of aerobic or resistance exercise training on arterial stiffness, blood flow and blood pressure in pre- and stage-1 hypertensives. Journal of Human Hypertension 22(10): 678-686, 2008.
    5. Dolezal, BA, Barr, D, Boland, DM, Smith, DL, and Cooper, CB. Validation of the firefighter WFI treadmill protocol for predicting V02max. Occupational Medicine 65: 143-146, 2015.
  5. Durand, G, Tsismenakis, AJ, Jahnke, SA, Baur, DM, Christophi, CA, and Kales, SN. Firefighters' physical activity: Relation to fitness and cardiovascular disease risk. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 43: 1752-1759, 2011.
  6. Expert Panel on Detection and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. Journal of the American Medical Association 285(19): 2486-2497, 2001.
  7. Fabio, A, Ta, M, Strotmeyer, S, Li, W, and Schmidt, E. Incident­level risk factors for firefighter injuries at structural fires. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 44: 1059-1063, 2002.
  8. Gonzalez, DE, Lanham, SN, Martin, SE, Cleveland, RE, Wilson, TE, Langford, EL, and Abel, MG. Firefighter health: A narrative review of occupational threats and countermeasures. Healthcare 12(4): 440, 2024.
  9. Laukkanen, JA, lsiozor, NM. and Kunutsor, SK. Objectively assessed cardiorespiratory fitness and all-cause mortality risk. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 97(6): 1054-1073, 2022.
  10. National Fire Protection Association. 1582 Standard on Comprehensive Occupational Medical Program for Fire Departments. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association; 2022.
  11. Ramey, S, Downing, N, and Franke, W. Milwaukee police department retirees: Cardiovascular disease risk and morbidity among aging law enforcement officers. American Association of Occupational Health Nurses 57(11): 448-453, 2009.
  12. Ramey, SL, Downing, NR, Franke, WD, Perkhounkova, Y, and Alasagheirin, MH. Relationships among stress measures, risk factors, and inflammatory biomarkers in law enforcement officers. Biological Research for Nursing 14(1): 16-26, 2012.
  13. The Reference Values for Arterial Stiffness' Collaboration. Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. European Heart Journal 31(19): 2338-2350, 2010.
  14. Varvarigou, V, Farioli, A, Korre, M, Sato, S, Dahabreh, IJ, and Kales, SN. Law enforcement duties and sudden cardiac death among police officers in United States: Case distribution study. British Medical Journal 349: 6534, 2014.
  15. Virani, SS, Alonso, A, Benjamin, EJ, Bittencourt, MS, Callaway, CW, Carson, AP, et al. American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2020 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 141: e139-e596, 2020.

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About the author

Sarah Lanham, CSCS,*D

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Sarah Lanham is a PhD student in Exercise Physiology, graduate teaching assistant, and member of the First Responder Research Laboratory in the Depart ...

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About the author

Mark Abel, PhD, CSCS,*D, TSAC-F,*D

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Mark Abel is a Professor and Director of the First Responder Research Laboratory in the Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion at the Universi ...

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