by Dawn M. Weatherwax, ATC, RD, CSCS, CSSD
Personal Training Quarterly
April 2015
Vol 3, Issue 2
Paywall block issue
This article is not configured properly for members or paid content.
isMemberOnly: {{isMemberOnly}} | isPaidContent: {{isPaidContent}}
spc: One or more parts of the product SPC is missing.
Read the full article
View the video
Login to view more
This {{ogType == 'video.other' ? 'video':'article'}} is available with a NSCA membership
or can be purchased for {{prices}}
or can be purchased. Price range: {{prices}}
Price includes membership pricing and promotions
This {{ogType == 'video.other' ? 'video':'article'}} can be purchased for {{prices}}
Price includes membership pricing and promotions
Purchase this {{ogType == 'video.other' ? 'video':'article'}}. Price range: {{prices}}
Price range includes membership pricing and promotions
This article originally appeared in Personal Training Quarterly (PTQ)—a quarterly publication for NSCA Members designed specifically for the personal trainer. Discover easy-to-read, research-based articles that take your training knowledge further with Nutrition, Programming, and Personal Business Development columns in each quarterly, electronic issue. Read more articles from PTQ »
1. Angerer, P, and von Schacky, C. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the cardiovascular system. Current Opinion in Lipidology 11(1): 57-63, 2000.
2. Barber, MD, Fearon, KC, Tisdale, MJ, McMillian, DC, and Ross, JA. Effect of a fish oil-enriched nutritional supplement on metabolic mediators in patients with pancreatic cancer cachexia. Nutrition and Cancer 40(2): 118-124, 2001.
3. Cho, E, Hung, S, Willet, WC, Spiegelman, D, Rimm, EB, Seddon, JM, et al. Prospective study of dietary fat and the risk of age-related macular degeneration. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73(2): 209-218, 2001.
4. Cordain, L, Eaton, SB, Sebastian, A, Mann, N, Lindeberg, S, and Watkins, BA. Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 81(2): 341-354, 2005.
5. Dalli, J, Zhu, M, Vlasenko, NA, Deng, B, Haeggstrom, JZ, Petasis, NA, and Serhan, CN. The novel 13S,14S-epoxy-maresin is converted by human macrophages to maresin1 (MaR1), inhibits leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H), and shifts macrophage phenotype. The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal 27(7): 2573-2583, 2013.
6. Davis, B, and Kris-Etherton, P. Achieving optimal essential fatty acid status in vegetarians: Current knowledge and practical implications. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78(suppl 3): 640-646, 2003.
7. de Lorgeril, M, and Salen, P. New insights into the health effects of dietary saturated and omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. BioMed Central Medicine 10: 50, 2012.
8. Fenton, WS, Dicerson, F, Boronow, J, Hibbeln, JR, and Knable, M. A placebo controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acid (ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid) supplementation for residual symptoms and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 158(12): 2071-2074, 2001.
9. Gingras, AA, White, PJ, Chouinard, PY, Julien, P, Davis, TA Dombrowski, L, et al. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids regulate bovine whole-body protein metabolism by promoting muscle insulin signaling to the Akt-mTOR-S6K1 pathway and insulin sensitivity. The Journal of Physiology 579(1): 269-284, 2007.
10. Goldberg, RJ, and Katz J. A meta-analysis of the analgesic effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for inflammatory joint pain. Published ahead of print. Pain, 2007.
11. Hill, AM, Buckley, JD, Murphy, KJ, and Howe, PR. Combining fish-oil supplements with regular aerobic exercise improves body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 85(5): 1267-1274, 2007.
12. Kris-Etherton, PM, Harris, WS, Appel, LJ, AHA, Nutrition Committee, and American Heart Association. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: New recommendations from the American Heart Association. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 23(2): 151-152, 2003.
13. Ramsden, C, Gagnon, C, Graciosa, J, Faurot, K, David, R, Bralley, JA, and Harden, RN. Do omega-6 and trans fatty acids play a role in complex regional pain syndrome? A pilot study. Pain Medicine 11(7): 1115-1125, 2010.
14. Simopoulos, AP. Evolutionary aspects of diet: The omega-6/ omega-3 ratio and the brain. Molecular Neurobiology 44(2): 203- 215, 2011.
15. Smith, G, Atherton, P, Reeds, DN, Mohammed, BS, Rankin, D, Rennie, MJ, and Mittendorfer, B. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation increases the rate of muscle protein synthesis in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 93(2): 402-412, 2011.
16. Tartibian B, Maleki BH, and Abbasi A. The effects of ingestion of omega-3 fatty acids on perceived pain and external symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness in untrained men. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 19(2): 115-119, 2009.
17. United State Department of Agriculture and United States Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. (7th Ed.). Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office; December 2010.
18. Weaver, KL, Ivester, P, Seeds, M, Case, LD, Arm, JP, and Chilton, FH. Effect of dietary fatty acids on inflammatory gene expression in healthy humans. Journal of Biology Chemistry 284(23): 15400-15407, 2009.
19. Walser, B, Giordano, RM, and Stebbins, CL. Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids augments brachial artery dilation and blood flow during forearm contraction. European Journal of Applied Physiology 97(3): 347-354, 2006.
20. Whitehouse, A, and Tisdale, M. Downregulation of ubiquitindependent proteolysis by eicosapentaenoic acid in acute starvation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 285(3): 598-602, 2001.
21. Whitehouse, A, Smith, HJ, Drake, JL, and Tisdale, MJ. Mechanism of attenuation of skeletal muscle protein catabolism in cancer cachexia by eicosapentaenoic acid. Cancer Research 61(9): 3604-3609, 2001.
22. Yan, L, Bai, XL, Fang, ZF, Che, LQ, Xu, SY, and Wu, D. Effect of different dietary omega-3/omega-6 fatty acid ratios on reproduction in male rats. Lipids Health Disease 12: 33, 2013.