by Ian Bonder, CSCS, Andrew Shim, EdD, CSCS,*D, and Dr Michael Waller, PhD, CSCS, NSCA-CPT, FNSCA
NSCA Coach
January 2023
Vol 9, Issue 3
Paywall block issue
This article is not configured properly for members or paid content.
isMemberOnly: {{isMemberOnly}} | isPaidContent: {{isPaidContent}}
spc: One or more parts of the product SPC is missing.
Read the full article
View the video
Login to view more
This {{ogType == 'video.other' ? 'video':'article'}} is available with a NSCA membership
or can be purchased for {{prices}}
or can be purchased. Price range: {{prices}}
Price includes membership pricing and promotions
This {{ogType == 'video.other' ? 'video':'article'}} can be purchased for {{prices}}
Price includes membership pricing and promotions
Purchase this {{ogType == 'video.other' ? 'video':'article'}}. Price range: {{prices}}
Price range includes membership pricing and promotions
This article originally appeared in NSCA Coach, a quarterly publication for NSCA Members that provides valuable takeaways for every level of strength and conditioning coach. You can find scientifically based articles specific to a wide variety of your athletes’ needs with Nutrition, Programming, and Youth columns. Read more articles from NSCA Coach »
Criterion Repetition Maximum Testing
Resistance Training Vs. Static Stretching: Effects on Flexibility and Strength
Relationships between Tests of Strength, Power, and Speed and the 75-Yard Pursuit Run
Development of a Field Test for Upper-Body Power
Manipulating Resistance Training Program Variables to Optimize Maximum Strength in Men
Enhancing the Evaluation and Interpretation of Fitness Testing Data Within Youth Athletes
Various Jump Training Styles for Improvement of Vertical Jump Performance
Monitoring Athlete Load: Data Collection Methods and Practical Recommendations
1. Anousaki, E, Zaras, N, Stasinaki, A, Panidi, I, Terzis, G, and Karampatsos, G. Effects of a 25-week periodized training macrocycle on muscle strength, power, muscle architecture, and performance in well-trained track and field throwers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 35(10): 2728-2736, 2021.
2. Arazi, H, Asadi, A, Gentil, P, Ramírez-Campillo, R, Jahangiri, P, Ghorbani, A, et al. Effects of different resistance training frequencies on body composition and muscular performance adaptations in men. PeerJ 9: e10537, 2021.
3. Barnes, M, Petterson, A, and Cochrane, D. Effects of different warm-up modalities on power output during the high pull. Journal of Sports Sciences 35(10): 976-981, 2017.
4. Bartolomei, S, Malagoli Lanzoni, I, and Di Michele, R. Two vs. one resistance exercise sessions in one day: Acute effects on recovery and performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 1-6, 2022.
5. Bompa, T, and Buzzichelli, C. Periodization: Theory and Methodology of Training. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2019.
6. Bonder, I, Shim, A, Lockie, R, and Ruppert, T. A preliminary investigation: Evaluating the effectiveness of an occupational specific training program to improve lower body strength and speed for law enforcement officers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(14): 7685, 2021.
7. Caterisano, A, Hutchison, R, Parker, C, James, S, and Opskar, S. Improved functional power over a 5-week period: Comparison of combined weight training to flexible barbell training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 32(8): 2109-2115, 2018.
8. Chizewski, A, Box, A, Kesler, R, and Petruzzello, S. Fitness fights fires: Exploring the relationship between physical fitness and firefighter ability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(22): 11733, 2021.
9. Crewther, B, Kilduff, L, Cunningham, D, Cook, C, Owen, N, and Yang, G. Validating two systems for estimating force and power. International Journal of Sports Medicine 32(4): 254-258, 2011.
10. Crotti, M, Bosio, A, and Invernizzi, P. Validity and reliability of submaximal fitness tests based on perceptual variables. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 58(5): 555-562, 2018.
11. Cuthbert, M, Haff, G, Arent, S, Ripley, N, McMahon, J, Evans, M, and Comfort, P. Effects of variations in resistance training frequency on strength development in well-trained populations and implications for in-season athlete training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine 51(9): 1967-1982, 2021.
12. Faigenbaum, A, and McFarland, J. Criterion repetition maximum testing. Strength and Conditioning Journal 36(1): 88-91, 2014.
13. Fyfe, J, Hamilton, D, and Daly, R. Minimal-dose resistance training for improving muscle mass, strength, and function: A narrative review of current evidence and practical considerations. Sports Medicine 2021.
14. Garnacho-Castano, M, López-Lastra, S, and Maté-Munoz, J. Reliability and validity assessment of a linear position transducer. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 14(1): 128-136, 2015.
15. Gibson, A, Wagner, D, and Heyward, V. Advanced fitness assessment and exercise prescription. In: Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription (8th ed.) Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 174, 2019.
16. Häkkinen, K, and Kallinen, M. Distribution of strength training volume into one or two daily sessions and neuromuscular adaptations in female athletes. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology 34(2): 117-124, 1994.
17. Hansen, D. Microdosing with speed and tempo sessions for performance gains and injury prevention. Strengthpowerspeed.com. Retrieved January 2022 from https:// strengthpowerspeed.com/micro-dosing-speed-tempo/.
18. Hartman, M, Clark, B, Bembens, D, Kilgore, J, and Bemben, M. Comparisons between twice-daily and once-daily training sessions in male weight lifters. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 2(2): 159-169, 2007.
19. Herda, T, and Cramer, J. Chapter 3: Bioenergetics of exercise and training. In: Haff, GG, Triplett, NT (Eds.), Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning. (4th ed.) Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 60, 2016.
20. Hoffman, J, Kraemer, W, Fry, A, Deschenes, M, and Kemp, M. The effects of self-selection for frequency of training in a winter conditioning program for football. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 4(3): 76-82, 1990.
21. Hornsby, W, Gentles, J, MacDonald, C, Mizuguchi, S, Ramsey, M, and Stone, M. Maximum strength, rate of force development, jump height, and peak power alterations in weightlifters across five months of training. Sports 5(4): 78, 2017.
22. Iversen, V, Norum, M, Schoenfeld, B, and Fimland, M. No time to lift? Designing time-efficient training programs for strength and hypertrophy: A narrative review. Sports Medicine 51(10): 2079-2095, 2021.
23. Kell, R, Bell, G, and Quinney, A. Musculoskeletal fitness, health outcomes and quality of life. Sports Medicine 31(12): 863-873, 2001.
24. Kiely, M, Warrington, G, McGoldrick, A, and Cullen, S. Physiological and performance monitoring in competitive sporting environments: a review for elite individual sports. Strength and Conditioning Journal 41(6): 62-74, 2019.
25. Kilen, A, Hjelvang, L, Dall, N, Kruse, N, and Nordsborg, N. Adaptations to short, frequent sessions of endurance and strength training are similar to longer, less frequent exercise sessions when the total volume is the same. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 29(Suppl 11): S46-S51, 2015.
26. Komi, P. Strength and power in sport. In The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine (2nd ed.) Blackwell Science; 511-512, 2003.
27. Lockie, R, Dawes, J, Maclean, N, Pope, R, Holmes, R, Kornhauser, C, and Orr, R. The impact of formal strength and conditioning on the fitness of law enforcement recruits: A retrospective cohort study. International Journal of Exercise Science 13(4): 1615-1629, 2020.
28. McGuigan, M. Principles of test selection and administration. In: Haff, GG, Triplett, NT, (Eds.), Essentials of Strength and Conditioning. (4th ed.) Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 250-253, 2016.
29. McGuigan, M. Administration, scoring, and interpretation of selected tests. In: Haff, GG, Triplett, NT, (Eds.), Essentials of Strength and Conditioning. (4th ed.) Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 260-313, 2016.
30. Morton, S, Whitehead, J, Brinkert, R, and Caine, D. Resistance training vs. static stretching: effects on flexibility and strength. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 25(12): 3391-3398, 2011.
31. National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics. 2021-2022 official and policy handbook 36th ed. August 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2022 from https://www.naia.org/legislative/2021-22/files/ NAIA-2021-Official-Handbook.pdf?page=8.
32. National Collegiate Athletic Association. 2021-2022 NCAA Division I Manual August, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2022 from https://web3.ncaa.org/lsdbi/reports/getReport/90008.
33. Nieman, D. Exercise Testing and Prescription: A Health-Related Approach (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill; 26, 2011.
34. Pang, M, Eng, J, Dawson, A, and Gylfadóttir, S. The use of aerobic exercise training in improving aerobic capacity in individuals with stroke: a meta-analysis. Clinical Rehabilitation 20(2): 97-111, 2006.
35. Petersen, D, Wagner, K, and Greener, T. Testing. Strength and Conditioning Journal 33(2): 36-38, 2011.
36. Post, B, Dawes, J, and Lockie, R. Relationships between tests of strength, power, and speed and the 75-yard pursuit run. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 36(1): 99-105, 2022.
37. Reiman, M, Peintner, A, Boehner, A, Cameron, C, Murphy, J, and Carter, J. Effects of dynamic warm-up with and without a weighted vest on lower extremity power performance of high school male athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 24(12): 3387-3395, 2010.
38. Schwarzenegger, A, and Dobbins, B. Arnold Schwarzenegger Encyclopedia of Modern Bodybuilding. Simon and Schuster, Inc; 1985.
39. Sheppard, J, and Triplett, N. Program design for resistance training. In: Haff GG, Triplett NT, (Eds.), Essentials of Strength and Conditioning. (4th ed.) Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 439-470, 2016.
40. Sheppard, J, and Young, W. Agility literature review: classifications, training and testing. Journal of Sports Sciences 24(9): 919-932, 2006.
41. Shim, A, Bailey, M, and Westings, S. Development of a field test for upper-body power. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 15(2): 192-197, 2001.
42. Shim, A, Harr, B, and Waller, M. Does a relationship exist between lower body power and balance scores among older adults? The Permanente Journal 22(17): 096, 2018.
43. Stark, T, Walker, B, Phillips, J, Fejer, R, and Beck, R. Handheld dynamometry correlation with the gold standard isokinetic dynamometry: a systematic review. PM&R: The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation 3(5): 472-479, 2011.
44. Suchomel, T, and Bailey, C. Monitoring and managing fatigue in baseball players. Strength and Conditioning Journal 36(6): 39-45, 2014.
45. Suchomel, T, Nimphius, S, and Stone, M. the importance of muscular strength in athletic performance. Sports Medicine 46(10): 1419-1449, 2016.
46. Tan, B. Manipulating resistance training program variables to optimize maximum strength in men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 13(3): 289-304, 1999.
47. Till, K, Morris, R, Emmonds, S, Jones, B, and Cobley, S. Enhancing the evaluation and interpretation of fitness testing data within youth athletes. Strength and Conditioning Journal 40(5): 24-33, 2018.
48. Vandewalle, H, Péres, G, and Monod, H. Standard anaerobic exercise tests. Sports Medicine 4(4): 268-289, 1987.
49. Waller, M, Gersick, M, and Holman, D. Various jump training styles for improvement of vertical jump performance. Strength and Conditioning Journal 35(1): 82-89, 2013.
50. Wang, R, Hoffman, J, Tanigawa, S, Miramonti, A, La Monica, M, Beyer, K, et al. Isometric mid-thigh pull correlates with strength, sprint, and agility performance in collegiate Rugby Union players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 30(11): 3051-3056, 2016.
51. Wing, C. Monitoring athlete load: data collection methods and practical recommendations. Strength and Conditioning Journal 40(4): 26-39, 2018.
52. Zhu, W. Science and art of setting performance standards and cutoff scores in kinesiology. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 84(4): 456-468, 2013.